Service Design Elements Essay Example

Service Design Elements Essay Service Design Elements Name: Institution: Instructor: We will write a custom essay sample on Service Design Elements specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Service Design Elements specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Service Design Elements specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Course: Date: Introduction Nature of industry The service industry is an industry that deals with provision of services rather than goods and there are diverse subcategories in this industry based on the type of service offered by the service provider. This may include communications, banking, medicine and any other intangible service. My main interest in the service industry is the advertisement industry, mainly the television commercial advertisements. TV commercials involve two main tasks that are creation of the advertisement and placement of the advertisement on televisions through a specific airtime period bought to enable it to its message to the consumers (Buur, Binder et al, 2000). In this industry, competence and quality production are vital, as this will render the final production acceptable and of the required broadcast standards making it acceptable to the networks broadcasting it on the television. This is a competitive industry involving heavy financial investments. Hence, the owners of the advertisement should ensure that selection of a production company is thorough choosing an agency with expertise in quality broadcast production and an understanding of broadcast standards avoiding sub-standard productions that would lead to rejections (Buur, Binder et al, 2000). The broadcast networks often measure the popularity of a certain program to determine how much they will charge a company to run their advertisement in some period during the running of the show. Services provided Services provided by television commercial advertisements are marketing services for producers of goods and other service providers to reach a wide market base in different widely based locations. Television commercials enable the advertising company to inform people of their products and persuade them to purchase the products through a short clear advertisement that mostly runs for thirty to sixty seconds at intervals of periods in what is known as commercial breaks. Television commercials have a big impact as they use jingles or slogans, humor and animation to grasp people’s attention and follow that up by short, precise and persuasive words to convince the consumer to purchase the particular product. Target market The target market for this industry is unlimited depending on the product being advertised. The TV commercial industry does marketing for various companies hence the advertisements will be made in such a way that it targets the specific people that the clients have in mind. How the eight elements of service provision support the service quality provision in television advertisements services In the service industry regardless of the service being provided there are eight key elements governing the provision of these services hence ensuring quality provision of services. These are delivery systems, facility design, information, location, capacity planning, managing capacity and demand, service encounter and quality (SCRIBD, 2012). The strategic application of these key elements renders a company dependable, providing services of high quality hence enabling it to gain a good reputation among its clients. Message delivery system The first element is the understanding of the objective of the advertisement in its creation to ensure that the correct message is sent to the target audience. This should consider whether the adverts intention is informative, reminder or persuasive. An informative commercial is that which is meant to inform the public of a new product in the market, one with no prior existence hence it notifies the consumers of its availability in the market creating in them an urge to try it. A reminder is an advert whose main aim is to keep the audience interested. These are commercials made for products enjoying a monopolistic advantage in the market due to lack of similar goods in supply hence its aim is to remind the viewers of its presence and encourage them to keep purchasing. Persuasive commercials are those that occur where a product is already in the market but there are other competing products hence the producer the public of the benefits of their products over the competitor’s products in order to remain ahead of competition. The creation and provision of these services should be with speed, that is, the production to the running process of the commercial should take the shortest possible period saving on costs on the clients’ part (SCRIBD, 2012). At the same time, it should allow the message to be passed on to the consumers in a period most effective where the relevance of the advertisement of the product in relation to the targeted consumers is easily diffusible. Facility design The other element in television commercial advertisements is the design in message delivery. How the advertisement is delivered is crucial, as this will determine the responsiveness of the audience to what is relayed in the advertisement, if they believe it and how strong their conviction will be. An important characteristic of television adverts is their ability to generate interest in the subject matter within a short span. Hence, in relation to the product being advertised, the advertisement should be easily understandable and relayed in a manner that creates an interest in that product in question. In the stage the product uses slogans that are easy to comprehend and memorize, it also employs good quality graphics that are pleasant to watch. It is in this stage that the graphic design elements such as balance, contrast, emphasis, proportion, pattern, rhythm, unity, variety, space, texture, shape, form, value and color come into play to bring out the best graphic representation (P rofessional Advertising, 2012). There is also utilization of techniques such as humor and fantasy creation to appeal to the consumers desires. This will result in increased sales for the client and with good quality productions and responsiveness due to the dependability of the productions. Information Here the advertisers focus on gathering information on consumer expectations in TV commercials, what their expectations on the standards are in order to provide a production that portrays great knowledge and skill in the field. Hence, it is able to highlight the positive traits of the commodity in question and its uniqueness from its competitors, making it the product of choice over the rest. This is done in an effort to create the best marketing experience for the clients resulting in increased consumer preference to the product (Normann, 2000). This will create a good reputation for the company with it retaining most of its clients due to its dependability. The collection of information by the advertisement company will also enable it in coming up with advertising approaches that relate with the target audience and that are in line with development in technology making the production process a more successful and quality oriented one. Location In advertisement, location is important in that different consumers in different locations have different norms and cultures hence to sell a product to them different approaches would be applicable. The advertiser will have to understand the cultures of the major target groups in order to come up with a commercial that is appealing to them all while maintaining relevance. However, if an advertiser wishes to target a specific group then he will have to bias his production leaning more on the traits that appease the target consumers disregarding the tastes of others (Professional Advertising, 2012). Location is also important in that in some regions television advertising is more appreciated and adapted by many producers hence being located in such a place will ensure that the advertising company maximizes on service provision to the available client. However, the company should try to be located in a region where there is no congestion of competitors hence should focus on getting new clients in a place where there is a low supply of advertisers. The location should also ensure accessibility to the tools and machinery used in the production process without difficulty. This will enable the company to remain technology savvy while practicing cost reduction actions, which will lead in maximization of profits. Capacity planning Capacity planning is the process that aids in determining the production capacity needed to fulfill changing consumer demands in its services. Television advertising is constantly affected by changes in technology and market demands and due to competition; producers are upgrading products constantly to remain as the preferred choice to consumers. This means that the advertising company will have to expand to cater for all the new advertisement campaigns by their clients’ constantly taking place. The company should ensure that it is capable of producing quality productions and this should be done through acquiring trained personnel, acquiring the highest quality machinery and employment of work ethics in its service provision process (Burr, Binder, et al, 2000). Managing capacity and demand With the growth in the advertising field and realization of the impact of advertising on sales, more companies are adapting the practice. Hence, the advertisement companies should also ensure that they have the capacity to take up new productions and improve on its networks with broadcasting networks in order to create a better chance of getting airtime slots for their clients. They should also ensure that they are technologically capable of handling the increase in production levels so as not to compromise on quality of service provision to their clients. They should maximize on large-scale productions in order to enjoy economies of scale. Service encounter In provision of the advertising services, the advertising company with encounter diverse cultures hence they will have to put this cultures into consideration in order to reach the customers through their advertisements. They will have to study the consumer interests and requirements for their production to achieve maximum impact in increment of sales (Normann, 2000). The production company will also require understanding their client, the producers whom they represent. They also need to have a deep understanding of the available cable networks through which they can convey their advertisements to reach their consumers. They need to know how the networks run and the processes involved in getting an advertisement to run on the airwaves. Quality This is the most important element in TV commercials production in that all productions have to pass a certain standard for them to be aired. They have to be broadcast ready and the elements of design in the graphics have to be precise. High quality production will ensure that the commercials are clearly understandable and they fulfill the four criteria of advertisement that is attention attainment, interest creation, influencing a desire in consumers and prompting action on the consumers’ part (MPA MEDIA, 2012). This is what will render the production company competent and if it passes the quality test it will attain dependability from the clients, as they will trust the quality of the productions hence creating a good reputation for the company. References Buur, J., T. Binder, et al. (2000). â€Å"Taking Video beyond â€Å"Hard Data† in User Centered Design.† Design. Participatory Design Conference (PDC 2000). MPA MEDIA. (2012). Ad Design Elements. Retrieved from http://www.mpamedia.com/mrc/ad_design.php. Normann, R. (2000). Service Management: Strategy and Leadership in Service Business. Chichester; New York, Wiley. Professional advertising. (2012). The Elements of Design. Retrieved from http://www.myprofessionaladvertising.com/The%20Elements%20of%20Design.htm. Scribd. (2012). Service strategy. Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/60156557/3/Service-Design-Elements.

The Mouse Party Example

The Mouse Party Example The Mouse Party – Coursework Example The Mouse Party The Mouse Party Introduction The apparent of tiredness depicted by the mouse sitting on a couch in the interactive module made me select heroin. Statistics show that the total number of people using heroin worldwide is about 9.2 million (Heroin Statistics - Facts About Heroin Addiction, Use & Death - Drug-Free World, n.d.)DiscussionMorphine, which is a natural extract of the poppy plant, is used to prepare heroin. After synthesization, the heroin drug appears as a brown or a white powdered substance (DrugFacts: Heroin, 2014). Upon entry into the brain, the heroin is reconverted back to morphine that binds itself to opioid receptors. The opioid receptors for pain and reward are the ones affected. The receptors control automatic life processes such as arousal and respiration. The overdose caused by heroin intake suppresses breathing. The result is a decrease in the supply of oxygen to the brain. The user then develops a condition known as hypoxia. Hypoxia causes neurolo gical and psychological effects and eventual brain damage. The behavioral changes observed include skin flushing, clouded mental functioning and euphoria. There are various ways of combating heroin addiction, which include self-help groups, preventive measures, medication and behavioral therapies (DrugFacts: Heroin, 2014). Vicodin, Methadone, Buprenorphine and OxyContin are some of the drugs which are medicated for heroin treatment. Some of the most effective behavioral therapy approaches include cognitive-behavioral therapy and contingency management. In the event, that both behavioral and medication methods have failed in helping a heroin addict, then rehabilitation becomes the next option.Conclusion Heroin is a very addictive substance to the user and as such, can be very costly. Since the purchase of heroin is very expensive, I prefer the preventive methods of combating cocaine addiction rather than the medication and behavioral therapies.Reference ListDrugFacts: Heroin. (2014, October 1). Retrieved February 27, 2015, from drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/heroinHeroin Statistics - Facts About Heroin Addiction, Use & Death - Drug-Free World. (n.d.). Retrieved February 27, 2015, from drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/heroin/international-statistics.htmlMouse Party. (n.d.). Retrieved February 27, 2015, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/mouse/

Beginning Level Writing for ESL Describing Cities

Beginning Level Writing for ESL Describing Cities Read the following paragraphs introducing Portland, Oregon. Notice that each paragraph focuses on a different aspect of the city. Portland, Oregon is located in the northwest of the United States. Both the Columbia and the Willamette river run through Portland. It is the largest city in the state of Oregon. The city is famous for its proximity to the mountains and the ocean, as well as its relaxed, friendly inhabitants. Approximately 500,000 people live in Portland while the Portland metro area has a population of over 1.5 million inhabitants. The main industries in the Portland area include computer chip manufacturing and sportswear design. In fact, two famous sportswear companies are based in the Portland Area: Nike and Columbia Sportswear. The largest employer is Intel which employs over 15,000 people in the greater Portland metro area. There are also many smaller technology companies located in downtown Portland. Portlands weather is famous for its rain. However, the spring and summer are quite lovely and mild. The Willamette V alley to the south of Portland is important for its agriculture and wine production. The Cascade Mountains are located to the east of Portland. Mt. Hood has three major skiing facilities and attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors each year. The Columbia river gorge is also located close to Portland. Tips for Writing an Introduction to a City Discuss one aspect of the city in each paragraph. For example, one paragraph about general facts and population, one paragraph about industries, one paragraph about culture, etc.Use resources such as Wikipedia to help you find facts about the city.Use its as a possessive when writing about a city (not her, or his). For example, Its main exports are ...When using numbers, write out the numbers up to twenty. For larger numbers, use numerals. For example: There are two professional sports organizations ... BUT There are over 130,000 inhabitants in XYZ.Use million when expressing very large numbers. For example, 2.4 million people live in the greater metro area.Make sure to capitalize specific names of companies and monuments.Use both the comparative and superlative forms to make statements relating to other cities and regions. For example: It is the largest producer of apples in the state. Helpful Language Location X is located in the Y region of (country)X lies between the A and the B (mountains, valleys, rivers, etc.)Located at the foot of the B mountainsLocated in the R valley Population X has a population of ZMore than (number) people live in XApproximately (number) people live in XWith a population of (number), X ....inhabitants Features X is famous for ...X is known as ...X features ...(product, food, etc.) is important for X, ... Work The main industries in X are ...X has a number of Y plants (factories, etc.)The main employers of X are ...The largest employer is ... Writing About a City Exercise Choose a city you would like to describe.Find a research page for reference purposes. You can use sites like Wikipedia, magazines, or other resources.Choose three or four broad topics you would like to discuss.For each topic, write down a list of specific facts using your reference materials. For example: Â  Weather -Â  more than 80 inches of snow on average extremely hot summers etc.Take each fact and write a sentence about that fact. For example:Boulder receives more than 80 inches of snow on average each winter.Combine your sentences into a paragraph on each broad topic. Make sure to use linking language, pronouns, etc. to link the ideas in your sentences into a logical sequence.If you are using a computer, make sure to spell check your work.

Organisational Behaviour Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organisational Behaviour - Case Study Example Lack of managerial control is a key OB issue related to the case. It can be observed that Anne Parker, the senior branch assistant, fails to control the junior employee Ronny Tristan. The newly joined Ronny Tristan is not taking his immediate boss seriously. That means Anne fails apply authority properly. A number of times Anne has complained about Tristan to the top level management. It reinforces the fact that lack of managerial control is evident from the side of Anne Parker. The behaviour of Ronny Tristan is not only pinching Anne but also causing problems for the official environment. Unfortunately lack of managerial control has created deadlock for the situation. Sometimes Anne is getting harsh with Ronny and sometimes behaving in soft way. This kind of inconsistency is creating less managerial control. Lack of accountability from the side of Ronny Tristan is also an important issue in this case. One thing is clear that Ronny Tristan is not giving his hundred percent in his works. His focuses are not at all there. He is taking his bosses pretty lightly. In spite of number of warnings or whistle blowing form Anne, Ronny is not taking them seriously. It means there is a significant problem regarding the accountability of Ronny. Day by day scale of business operations is gaining momentums. It requires significant accountability from all the levels of the organization. But that amount of accountability is missing from the side of Ronny. He is not at all cooperating with other staffs and his boss. His attitudes towards the stipulated works are not proper. In this case team problem is highly evident. Team environment is an integral part of the organizational behaviour. In this case that team environment specifically between Anne and Ronny is missing. There is a clear cut evidence of disconnection between these two persons. In every

Nepal Water for Health (NEWAH) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nepal Water for Health (NEWAH) - Essay Example This is the Nepal and alternative energy promotion centre (WECS, 2011). This implies compliance and easy to access the funds that will develop the project. Among the steps within this stage include; This is one of the critical and complex steps in the implementation process. It involves requesting and evaluating all the proposals presented. It also involves assembling a team, determination of the financing mechanism, development of the scope of work, specifying the performance criteria, addressing all the possible emerging issues to ensure compliance (Dixit, A. 2010) and develop the required proposal to the financiers. The team selected will ensure that the required community participation and literacy provisions are met to facilitate the success of the project. This will be based on the traditional spirit of the members of the Sandikhola village. The team should emphasize the use of non skilled volunteer to provide the much needed labor but the skilled personnel should be acquired from outside. In the personnel acquisition stage, skilled personnel from the respective villages should be given priority. Beside the team should designate a project champion to who can get the projects over barriers through determination, authority or sheer excitement. Among the notable funding agencies include; DFID Australian Aid, EU/ECHO , Norway (Norad) , Denmark (Danida), British Embassy (UKM), Nepal, SDC, Canada (CIDA), World Bank , Finland , ADB, Austria, Japan, Netherlands (NET/SNV) , JICA, Sweden (SWI/SIDA), USAID and Central Queensland University (ADB ,2010 ) The scope of work defines what the community wants out of the project. This is adopted as the heart for the request of the proposal. This comprises of the type o renewable energy system, considered location of the system, site requirements and the specifications of system performance. This

JB Hi-FI Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Report

JB Hi-FI Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Report Ming Chak Ip Report: Part A For JB Hi-FI there are 4 types of corporate social responsibility to report. The environmental section must be included and it provides information on actions the company is taking to meet carbon footprint requirements. Second are Philanthropic responsibilities stating how the company supports charities through funding. Third is ethical involves workplace safety or the employee health and mainly involves the welfare of employees at the workplace. Lastly are the ethical responsibilities. They are responsibilities of the company to do what is right and without any obligation. Part B On the CSR initiatives employed by JB HI-FI is the Helping Hands program. It is a philanthropic initiative whereby directors, executives and employees offer donations towards the financial gain of community partners and has already raised $10 million for their charity partners (page 15). JB HI-FI also has donation boxes in their stores where customers donate at the point of sale. JB Hi-FI is also a member of Employer Leadership Group (ELG) that creates awareness of workplace giving to support the charitable sector (page 15). JB HI-FI has also disclosed its environmental sustainability statement. Some initiatives include the carbon disclosure project that monitors and reports annual energy consumption/emissions. There is also the Smarter Choice Program for advice on energy efficiency of commodities. JB HI-FI is a signatory to the Australian Energy Packaging Covenant hence commits to reduced effects of packaging on the environment. Others include the mobile phone recycling and re-uses that helps lower entry of mobile phones into landfill, the Cartridge 4 Planet Ark for re-cycling used printer cartridges and recycling of paper, cardboards and old appliances (page 14). Third in CSR are ethical responsibilities. JB HI-FI code of conduct specifies respect accorded to employees, there rights and freedoms, professional ethics and adherence to laws and regulations (page, 10). In the ethics statement, they state responsibility to respect suppliers, employees and customer and protect their personal sensitive information. The firm is committed to a safe working environment to its employees and there is also a diversity statement whereby JB HI-FI fully values diversity of skills, gender, experience and background of its employees (page 9). Part C Various theories support CSR. There are instrumental theories. JB HI-FI tries to maximize shareholder value and thats the reason the company uses the Helping Hands program where employees try to meet social demands. It also involves strategies for competitive advantages. For example, recycling is cost saving to the firm in addition to protecting the environment hence creates competitive advantages. Instrumental theories also involve cause-related marketing. For instance, JB Hi-FI has partnered with charitable firms where it makes donations and in turn builds its brand. The second CRS theories are political theories. JB HI-FI has made major interactions with the society hence had gained corporate citizenship through partnerships. The social contact with environmental bodies and charitable firms mandates the firm to give back to the community as demonstrated by its philanthropic initiatives. Last theory is Integrative theories. The community has social demands that offer the firm some legitimacy (Garriga, Melà ©, 2004). Since greenhouse gas emissions are a social demand, JB HI-FI has to meet such social demands to attain greater social acceptance. It validates the environmental sustainability initiatives implemented by the company. References List www.jbhifi.com.au. (2016). Annual Report JB Hi-Fi. [online] Available at: https://www.jbhifi.com.au/Documents/2016%20JB%20Hi-Fi%20Annual%20Report_ASX.pdf [Accessed 23 Mar. 2017]. Garriga, E., Melà ©, D. (2004). Corporate social responsibility theories: Mapping the territory. Journal of business ethics, 53(1), 51-71.

Photosynthesis – Limiting Factors

[pic] Photosynthesis Outline Terms and Vocabulary Autotroph Photosynthesis Photon Pigment Chloroplast Reaction Center Electron Donor Molecule Electron Transport System Ferredoxin NADPH RuBP PGA Cuticle Stomata Rubisco Photorespiration C4 Pathway Concepts 1. What are two Adaptations of plant leaves for capturing light? 2. Describe the properties of Light Energy in terms of energy and wavelength. 3. Why are Pigments important for Photosynthesis? 4. What two types of reactions take place during photosynthesis? 5. Summarize the results of Light dependent Reactions. . Summarize the results of Light-Independent Reactions. 7. Where are the pigments for the light-dependent reactions located in the leaf? 8. What is the function of a photosystem? 9. What is the function of water in the light-dependent reactions? 10. Describe the similarities and differences of Photosystems I & II 11. What are the limiting factors to photosynthesis? 12. Describe adaptations that allow the leaf to retain water. 13. Explain how photorespiration reduces production of glucose. Look at the graphs below. A |[pic] |B |[pic] | |C |[pic] |D |[pic] | 1. Which graph best shows the effect of increasing light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis? 2. 3. Which graph best shows the effect of increasing carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis? 4. Which graph best shows the effect of increasing temperature if light and carbon dioxide are not limiting (i. e. he levels of light and carbon dioxide are high). If you plot the rate of photosynthesis against the levels of these three limiting factors you get graphs like the ones below. [pic] Limiting Factor In biology, agricultural science, physiology, and ecology, a limiting factor is one that controls a process, such as organism growth or species population size or distribution. The concept is based upon Liebig's Law of the Minimum put forth by German geochemist, Justus von Liebig, in 1840. It can be easy to conceive how a limiting resou rce (say, food) controls a process (say, growth) by running low or running out.However, some biological and ecological processes are controlled by too much of a factor (such as heat) rather than too little. Or, processes may be controlled by complex interactions of factors (Shelford, 1952). At any given moment, the rate of a physiological process is limited by the one factor which is in the shortest supply. (Toole pg 273) – The factor which is nearest its minimum value determines the rate of the reaction. – Changing the levels of this factor will change the rate of the reaction. Changing the levels of the other factors will have no effect on the rate of the reaction. Example [pic] [pic] 1. Up to A1, A2 and A3 the concentrations of CO2 is the limiting factor for the respective light intensities. 2. Low Light Intensity: beyond A1 light intensity is the limiting factor because increasing the light intensity (medium value) increases the rate of photosynthesis. 3. Medium Li ght Intensity: beyond A2 light intensity is the limiting factor because increasing the light intensity (high value) increases the rate of photosynthesis. . High Light Intensity: beyond A3 the limiting factor could be light intensity, chlorophyll content, temperature or the enzyme system. It cannot be CO2 concentration because increase in CO2 concentration does not lead to an increase in photosynthesis. [pic] 1. Up to A1, A2 and A3 the light intensity is the limiting factor for the respective CO2 concentrations. 2. Low CO2 concentration: beyond A1 CO2 concentration is the limiting factor because increasing the CO2 concentration (medium value) increases the rate of photosynthesis. . Medium CO2 concentration: beyond A2 CO2 concentration is the limiting factor because increasing the CO2 concentration (high value) increases the rate of photosynthesis. 4. High CO2 concentration: beyond A3 the limiting factor could be CO2 concentration, chlorophyll content, temperature or the enzyme system . It cannot be light intensity because increase in light intensity does not increase photosynthesis. [pic] In commercial greenhouses horticulturists try to maximise productivity by maximising the rate of photosynthesis.How do they achieve this? – Clear glass maximizes light intensity – Extra lighting in winter – Glass traps heat energy from solar radiation – Heaters raise night time temperature – Gas and oil heaters put extra carbon dioxide into the air. [pic] Photosynthesis and productivity †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   carbon gain by the plant (biomass) is dependent on the balance between carbon uptake by photosynthesis and carbon loss by respiration †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   factors influencing productivity include – light, – CO2, – temperature, – environmental factors: light:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   at low fluence levels, there is a net loss of CO2 †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   light compensation point is where CO2 uptake and exchange equal zero (equivalent to an office or room) †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   as fluence rate increases above compensation point, so does photosynthesis (C3 plants) until light saturation is reached (1/4 to ? full sun) †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   light saturation occurs because CO2 is limiting †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C4 plants don’t achieve light saturation as rapidly as C3 plants CO2: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   CO2 content in atmosphere is about 0. 035% by volume (well below CO2 saturation point in plants) †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   at higher fluence rates when CO2 is not imiting, photosynthesis increases †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   some commercial growers practice CO2-enrichment to increase yield and biomass   temperature: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   temperature response is influenced by temperature dependence of enzymes and chemical reactions †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   cardinal points are used to describe te mperature minimum maximum, and optimum of a reaction †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   many reaction rates tend to decline sharply following optimum due to enzyme denaturation †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   for photosynthesis, temperature response curves represent the average of many different enzymes, but are dominated by rubisco (C3 plants) and PEPcase (C4 plants) water:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   water stress causes a decline in photosynthesis †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   water stress triggers stomatal closure and subsequent decrease in CO2 levels †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   turgor pressure reduces leaf expansion decreasing photosynthetic surface area †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   even mild water stress causes decrease in net photosynthesis nutrients, pathology, and pollutants: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   photosynthetic capacity is especially sensitive to nitrogen †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   rubisco accounts for ;50% of total leaf nitrogen †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   pathogen stress reduces photosynthetic capacity †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   environmental pollutants (sulpher dioxide, ozone, heavy metals) also reduce capacity eaf factors: Question:   Which has a higher photosynthetic rate – a pine tree needle or a maple tree leaf? Why might needles be favored over leaves on pine trees? †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   productivity of plants is impacted by leaf canopy †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   canopy is determined by age, morphology, angle and spacing of individual leaves †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   in older plants, lower leaves may be shaded and fall below light compensation point (negative carbon gain) and are a burden to the plant †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   many annuals undergo sequential senescence to avoid the burden †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   some leaves change with the angle of the sun [pic] pic] [pic] ———————– A plant in the dark does not photosyn thesize. [pic] Increasing the amount of light increases the amount of photosynthesis. [pic] Even if a plant in the dark is well watered and given increasing amounts of carbon dioxide it will not photosynthesize. Only a change in light intensity will alter the rate. Light is the limiting factor.